Ukuhlolwa Kwe-DNA Akusona Njalo Isimo Sokuthi “Yebo” Noma “Cha”
Abantu abaningi bajwayelene nokuhlolwa kobuzali (paternity test). Kulesi sivivinyo, i-DNA yengane iqhathaniswa ngokuqondile ne-DNA kababa okusolwa ukuthi unguyise. Lokhu kuvamise ukuveza umphumela ocacile kakhulu: umuntu uyise wengane noma akayena.
Kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke ubudlelwano bomndeni obulula kangako. 
Uma umuntu okumele aqinisekiswe ubudlelwano bakhe engatholakali ukuze ahlolwe, ilabhorethri kufanele yenze izivivinyo zobudlelwano eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Lokhu kungabandakanya:
- Ukuhlolwa kogogo nomkhulu (Grandparentage Testing)
- Ukuhlolwa kwezelamani (Sibling Testing)
- Ukuhlolwa kukamalume noma kukagogo omncane (Avuncular Testing)
- Ukuhlolwa kwe-half-siblings
- Ukuhlolwa kwabazala (Cousin Testing)
- Ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA kwezokufuduka (Immigration DNA Testing)
Nakuba lezi zivivinyo zinganikeza izimpendulo ezibalulekile, zinzima kakhulu ngokwezibalo kune-paternity test futhi kwesinye isikhathi zingaholela emiphumeleni engacacile (inconclusive).
Kungani Lezi Zivivinyo Zinzima Kakhulu?
Impendulo isekutheni i-DNA idluliselwa kanjani ezizukulwaneni.
Ingane ithola cishe u-50% we-DNA yayo kunina kanye no-50% kuyise.
Ku-paternity test, ilabhorethri iqhathanisa ngokuqondile i-DNA yengane neyomuntu okusolwa ukuthi uyise. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuthola ubufakazi obuqinile.
Kodwa uma kuhlolwa ubudlelwano obungaqondile, isibonelo ukuhlolwa kukamalume nengane:
Ingane ← Ubaba Wemvelo ← Umalume
Ubaba akatholakali ukuze ahlolwe. Ngakho ilabhorethri kufanele isebenzise izibalo ukuze ibone ukuthi i-DNA yengane iyahambisana yini nalokho obekungalindeleka ukuthi kudluliselwe kubaba bese kuya kumalume.
Lokhu kudala ukungaqiniseki okwengeziwe emiphumeleni.
Kusho Ukuthini Uma Umphumela Uthi “Inconclusive”?
Umphumela ongacacile awusho ukuthi ilabhorethri yenze iphutha.
Futhi awusho ukuthi abantu abahlolwayo abahlobene.
Ngokufanayo, awuqinisekisi ukuthi ubudlelwano bukhona.
Umphumela ongacacile usho nje ukuthi ubufakazi be-DNA obutholakele abunamandla ngokwanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe noma kuphikiswe ubudlelwano obuhlolwayo.
Kungafaniswa necala lasenkantolo lapho kunobufakazi obuthile, kodwa obunganele ukwenza isinqumo esiqinile.
Ngamanye amazwi, ilabhorethri ithi:
“Asikwazi ukuqinisekisa noma ukuphika lobu budlelwano ngokuzethemba sisebenzisa amasampula e-DNA esinawo.”
Izizathu Ezivamile Zemiphumela Engacacile
1. Ubudlelwano Bukude Kakhulu
Uma abantu behlobene kude kakhulu emndenini, i-DNA abayabelana ngayo iyancipha.
Ngokwesilinganiso:
- Umzali nengane babelana ngo-50% we-DNA.
- Izelamani ezigcwele zabelana ngo-50%.
- Ugogo noma umkhulu nomzukulu babelana ngo-25%.
- Umalume noma ugogo omncane nengane babelana ngo-25%.
- Abazala bokuqala babelana ngo-12.5%.
Njengoba leli phesenti lehla, kuba nzima ukuthola imiphumela ecacile.
2. Bambalwa Abantu Abahlolwayo
Imiphumela eminingi engacacile ivela lapho kuhlolwa abantu ababili kuphela.
Isibonelo:
- Ingane + Umalume
- Ingane + Ugogo
- Izelamani ezimbili
Ukufaka amanye amalungu omndeni kungathuthukisa kakhulu amandla okuhlaziya.
Isibonelo:
- Ukuhlola bobabili ogogo nomkhulu
- Ukufaka umama wemvelo
- Ukuhlola ezinye izingane zakubo
- Ukuhlola amanye amalungu omndeni
Lapho kunemininingwane eminingi, kuba lula ukuthola umphumela oqinile.
3. Ukwabelana Nge-DNA Kungenzeka Ngengozi
Bonke abantu babelana ngenani elikhulu le-DNA ngokwemvelo.
Kwesinye isikhathi abantu abangahlobene bangabelana ngezimpawu ze-DNA ezifana nalezo ezitholakala kubantu abahlobene.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu abahlobene bangase babelane nge-DNA encane kunalokho obekulindelekile.
Lokhu kuhlukahluka kwemvelo kungaholela emiphumeleni engacacile.
4. Amalungu Abalulekile Omndeni Awatholakali
Uma umuntu obaluleke kakhulu kulolu cwaningo engatholakali, amandla okuhlola ayancipha.
Isibonelo:
- Ukuhlolwa kukamalume nengane kungaba namandla kakhulu uma ubaba etholakala.
- Ukuhlolwa kogogo nomkhulu kuba namandla uma bobabili betholakala.
- Ukuhlolwa kwezelamani kuba namandla uma omunye umzali ehlolwa.
Ngaphandle kwalaba bantu, ilabhorethri incike kakhulu ezibalweni kunobufakazi obuqondile.
Ingabe Umphumela Ongacacile Usengaba Usizo?
Yebo.
Kwezinye izimo, umphumela ongacacile ungase ukhombise ukuthi ubudlelwano bubonakala bungenzeka kakhulu, kodwa ubufakazi bungakabi namandla ngokwanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngokwesayensi.
Kwezinye izimo, umphumela ungase ukhombise ukuthi ubudlelwano abubonakali bukhona, kodwa futhi ubufakazi bungakabi namandla ngokwanele ukuze buphikiswe ngokuphelele.
Yingakho kubalulekile ukuxoxa ngemiphumela nochwepheshe be-DNA ukuze bakusize uqonde ukuthi izibalo zisho ukuthini empilweni yangempela.
Ungawunciphisa Kanjani Umkhuba Wemiphumela Engacacile?
Nakuba kungenakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa yonke imiphumela, lezi zinyathelo zingathuthukisa amathuba okuthola impendulo ecacile:
Faka Umama Wemvelo
I-DNA kamama isiza ilabhorethri ukuhlukanisa ukuthi yimaphi ama-marker avela kunina nokuthi yimaphi avela ohlangothini lukababa.
Hlola Amalungu Engeziwe Omndeni
Ukufaka ogogo nomkhulu, izelamani, omalume noma abanye abantu emndenini kungandisa kakhulu amandla okuhlaziya.
Sebenzisa Ilabhorethri Egunyaziwe
Khetha ilabhorethri esebenzisa ama-marker amaningi e-DNA kanye nezindlela zezibalo ezamukelwa emhlabeni wonke.
Nikeza Umlando Womndeni Oqondile
Ulwazi olunembile lomndeni lusiza ilabhorethri ukuthi ikhethe indlela yokuhlola efanele kakhulu.
Isiphetho
Ukuhlolwa kobudlelwano be-DNA kuyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu, kodwa akuwona wonke amacala angathola impendulo ecacile njenge-paternity test.
Ukuhlolwa kogogo nomkhulu, izelamani, omalume, abazala kanye nobunye ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi kuvame ukuncika kubufakazi be-DNA obungaqondile. Ngenxa yalokho, ezinye izivivinyo zingaholela emiphumeleni engacacile.
Umphumela ongacacile awusho ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwehlulekile. Kunalokho, ukhombisa ukuzibophezela kwelabhorethri ekunembeni nasekuthembekeni kwesayensi. Uma ubufakazi be-DNA bunganele ukwenza isiphetho esiqinile, ilabhorethri ethembekile izobika umphumela njengongacacile kunokuba yenze izimangalo ezingasekelwe ubufakazi.
Uma ucabanga ukwenza ukuhlolwa kobudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi, xhumana nochwepheshe be-DNA ngaphambi kokuthatha amasampula. Lokhu kungakusiza ukhethe indlela engcono kakhulu yokuhlola futhi kwandise amathuba okuthola umphumela ocacile futhi onencazelo.
